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<title>Benjamin Robins</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Benjamin Robins</span></span>

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<b>Benjamin Robins</b> (1707 – 29 July 1751) was a pioneering British scientist, <a href="Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Newtonian mathematician</a>, and military engineer.

</p><p>He wrote an influential treatise on gunnery, for the first time introducing Newtonian science to military men, was an early enthusiast for <a href="Rifling" title="Rifling">rifled</a> gun barrels, and his work had substantive influence on the development of artillery during the latter half of the eighteenth century – and directly stimulated the teaching of calculus in military academies.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div>

<p>Benjamin Robins was born in <a href="Bath%2C_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-br-newdetails_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-br-newdetails-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents were <a href="Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Quakers</a> in poor circumstances, and as a result, he received very little formal education.<sup id="cite_ref-br-newdetails_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-br-newdetails-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having come to London on the advice of Dr. <a href="Henry_Pemberton" title="Henry Pemberton">Henry Pemberton</a> (1694–1771), who had recognised Robins's talents,<sup id="cite_ref-br-newdetails_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-br-newdetails-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a time he maintained himself by teaching <a href="Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, but soon devoted himself to engineering and the study of fortification.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_gunnery">Scientific gunnery</h2></div>

<p>In particular he carried out an extensive series of experiments in gunnery, embodying his results in his famous treatise on <i>New Principles of Gunnery</i> (1742),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which contains a description of his <a href="Ballistic_pendulum" title="Ballistic pendulum">ballistic pendulum</a> (see <a href="Gun_chronograph" title="Gun chronograph">chronograph</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Robins also made a number of important experiments on the resistance of the air to the motion of projectiles,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on the force of <a href="Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>, with computation of the velocities thereby communicated to projectiles. He compared the results of his theory with experimental determinations of the ranges of mortars and cannon, and gave practical maxims for the management of <a href="Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>. He also made observations on the flight of <a href="Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a>, and wrote on the advantages of rifled gun barrels. His work on gunnery was translated into German by <a href="Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a>, who added a critical commentary of his own.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the work of Robins still served as an important piece of technical information that helped the later advancement of the Prussian artillery, especially of its improvement in accuracy, a big step forwards that the book turned out to be a shot in the arm of the ambitious <a href="Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> who determined to vault the status and power of Prussian artillery to the top among other European armies.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h2></div>

<p>Of less interest nowadays are Robins's more purely mathematical writings, such as his <i>Discourse concerning the Nature and Certainty of Sir <a href="Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>'s Methods of Fluxions and of Prime and Ultimate Ratios</i> (1735), <i>A Demonstration of the Eleventh Proposition of Sir Isaac Newton's Treatise of Quadratures</i> (Phil. Trans., 1727),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and similar works.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div>

<p>Besides his scientific labours, Robins took an active part in politics. He wrote pamphlets in support of the opposition to Sir <a href="Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a>, and was secretary of a committee appointed by the <a href="British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> to enquire into the conduct of that minister. He also wrote a preface to the <i>Report on the Proceedings of the Board of General Officers on their Examination into the Conduct of Lieutenant-General <a href="John_Cope_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Cope (British Army officer)">Sir John Cope</a></i>, in which he gave an apology for the <a href="Battle_of_Prestonpans" title="Battle of Prestonpans">battle of Prestonpans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1749, he was appointed engineer general to the <a href="British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">East India Company</a>, and went out to superintend the reconstruction of their <a href="Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort">forts</a>. However, his health soon failed, and he died at <a href="Fort_St_David" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St David">Fort St David</a> in India. His works were published in two volumes in 1761.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_W.1992" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, W. (July 1992). "Benjamin Robins, F.R.S. (1707–1751: New Details of His Life". <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>46</b> (2). Royal Society: <span class="nowrap">235–</span>252. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1992.0024">10.1098/rsnr.1992.0024</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/531636">531636</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71424677">71424677</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Robins,_Benjamin" class="extiw external" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Robins, Benjamin">Robins, Benjamin</a>". <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 422.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobins1742" class="citation web cs1">Robins, Benjamin (1742). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3j8FAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1">"New Principles of Gunnery: Containing the Determination of the Force of Gun-powder, and an Investigation of the Difference in the Resisting Power of the Air to Swift and Slow Motions. With Several Other Tracts on the Improvement of Practical Gunnery"</a>.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer2009" class="citation web cs1">Staff writer (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100906073554/http://www.aviationearth.com/aircraft-theory/wind-tunnel/">"Wind Tunnel : Planes, Flying and Aviation"</a>. <i>Aviation Earth</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationearth.com/aircraft-theory/wind-tunnel/">the original</a> on 6 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2016</span>. <q>English military Engineer and mathematician Benjamin Robins (1707–1751) invented a whirling arm apparatus to determine drag and did some of the first experiments in aviation theory.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/WindTunnel/history.html">"Wind Tunnels of NASA"</a>, Donald D. Baals and William R. Corliss</span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1994" class="citation cs2">Steele, Brett (April 1994), "Muskets and Pendulums: Benjamin Robins, Leonhard Euler, and the Ballistics Revolution", <i>Technology and Culture</i>, <b>35</b> (2), Baltimore: <a href="The_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Johns Hopkins University Press">The Johns Hopkins University Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">348–</span>382, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3106305">10.2307/3106305</a>, <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-165X">0040-165X</a>, <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3106305">3106305</a></cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFRobins,_BenjaminNewton,_Isaac1726" class="citation journal cs1">Robins, Benjamin; Newton, Isaac (1726). "Demonstration of the 11th Proposition of Sir Isaac Newton's Treatise of Quadratures. By Mr. Benjamin Robins, A". <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>. <b>34</b>. Royal Society: <span class="nowrap">230–</span>236. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1726RSPT...34..230R">1726RSPT...34..230R</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/103483">103483</a>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFLee1896" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a>, ed. (1896). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Robins, Benjamin"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Robins,_Benjamin">"Robins, Benjamin" </a></span>. <i><a href="Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 48. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSteele" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Steele, Brett D. "Robins, Benjamin (1707–1751)". <i><a href="Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23823">10.1093/ref:odnb/23823</a>.</cite> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="Edmund_F._Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Robins.html">"Benjamin Robins"</a>, <i><a href="MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1731–1750)35" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1731–1750)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Stephen_Gray_(scientist)" title="Stephen Gray (scientist)">Stephen Gray</a> (1731)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Stephen_Gray_(scientist)" title="Stephen Gray (scientist)">Stephen Gray</a> (1732)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="John_Theophilus_Desaguliers" title="John Theophilus Desaguliers">John Theophilus Desaguliers</a> (1734)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="John_Theophilus_Desaguliers" title="John Theophilus Desaguliers">John Theophilus Desaguliers</a> (1736)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="John_Belchier" title="John Belchier">John Belchier</a> (1737)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="James_Valoue" title="James Valoue">James Valoue</a> (1738)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Stephen_Hales" title="Stephen Hales">Stephen Hales </a> (1739)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Alexander_Stuart_(scientist)" title="Alexander Stuart (scientist)">Alexander Stuart</a> (1740)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="John_Theophilus_Desaguliers" title="John Theophilus Desaguliers">John Theophilus Desaguliers</a> (1741)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Christopher_Middleton_(navigator)" title="Christopher Middleton (navigator)">Christopher Middleton</a> (1742)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Abraham_Trembley" title="Abraham Trembley">Abraham Trembley</a> (1743)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Henry_Baker_(naturalist)" title="Henry Baker (naturalist)">Henry Baker</a> (1744)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="William_Watson_(scientist)" title="William Watson (scientist)">William Watson</a> (1745)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Gowin_Knight" title="Gowin Knight">Gowin Knight</a> (1747)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="James_Bradley" title="James Bradley">James Bradley</a> (1748)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="John_Harrison" title="John Harrison">John Harrison</a> (1749)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="George_Edwards_(naturalist)" title="George Edwards (naturalist)">George Edwards</a> (1750)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201803#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3055" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201803#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3055" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081535509">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73887860">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/158855">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhmMTX7rm8GKGcwW7rrMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/100252419">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85067304">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121289860">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121289860">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00768868">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35456518">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Robins, Benjamin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ntk20201078442&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1724696">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072133740">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000274997&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000220068">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=242593">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007272502805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11494911?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=137227">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:robins.benjamin">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/880726">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/959341">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/100252419.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/100252419">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029728207">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/369f76a3-dcac-4542-bda4-8265b21a19de">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-10" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Benjamin_Robins&oldid=1294890741">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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